The twelve terms this page uses, each in a couple of honest sentences. Open one, or open them all.
Photobiomodulation (PBM)
The proper name for "red light therapy": using specific wavelengths of red and near-infrared light, at a level that does not heat or damage tissue, to influence how cells behave. Older names you may see in papers include low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and cold laser.
Wavelength
The physical length of one wave of light — and therefore its colour. It is the property that decides how deep light travels in tissue. Two devices with the same power and different wavelengths are doing different jobs.
Nanometre (nm)
The unit wavelength is measured in: one millionth of a millimetre. Visible light runs about 380–700 nm; near-infrared continues beyond that, invisible to you but perfectly real to your skin.
Dose / fluence (J/cm²)
How much light energy lands on each square centimetre of skin — brightness × time. The single number that decides whether a session did anything. Written in joules per square centimetre.
Irradiance (mW/cm²)
How bright the light is at the skin, per square centimetre, at one instant. Multiply it by the seconds you sit there and you get the dose. Irradiance without a time is half a sentence.
Biphasic dose response
The well-documented finding that light therapy has a sweet spot: too little does nothing, the right amount does the most, and too much does less again. Described by Huang et al. (2009, Dose-Response). It is the scientific reason the mask has a fixed timer rather than a power dial.
Class 3R
A laser safety classification under the international standard IEC/EN 60825-1. Class 3R lasers are low-powered but can injure the eye on direct viewing, which is exactly why eye protection is supplied with the mask and must be worn. The classification describes the laser, not the treatment.
Collagen
The structural protein that gives skin its firmness — roughly three quarters of the dry weight of your dermis. It is made by cells called fibroblasts, production slows steadily from your mid-twenties, and it rebuilds over months, not days. That timescale, not marketing caution, is why every honest timeline here is written in weeks.
Chromophore
The molecule that actually absorbs a photon and turns it into an effect. If nothing absorbs the light, nothing happens. For red and near-infrared in skin, the best-studied chromophore is cytochrome c oxidase, inside the mitochondria of your cells.
VCSEL
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser — a laser diode that emits from its top face rather than its edge. It is small, efficient, easy to pack into a dense array, and it produces a narrow beam of roughly 18°. The same family of component that runs face-recognition on a modern phone.
Coherence
The property that makes laser light "march in step" — all the waves aligned, unlike the jumbled light from an LED or a lamp. It is what makes a laser beam stay tight. Whether coherence itself adds a biological benefit in skin is still argued about in the literature, so we count it as a hardware fact rather than a health claim.
Optical window
The band of roughly 600–1100 nm where skin is most transparent — above the range where blood and melanin absorb hardest, below the range where water takes over. Every wavelength used for depth in light therapy sits inside or at the edge of this window. It is not a marketing term; it is why red is the colour that comes out the other side of your hand.